Massive Eating: Your Guide To Packing On Muscle Mass

[Adonis]

Part 1 Calorie Needs
By Dr. John M Berardi

Pop Quiz, Hotshot

Pretend you're back in high school and mean ol' Mr. Berardi has just passed out a pop quiz. Luckily, there's only one question:

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Most people succeed in training well enough to grow, but they fail in eating well enough to grow.

B) Most people eat well enough to grow, but they don't train well enough to grow.

Pencils down. Okay, which is it? If you said "A," give yourself a gold star. But don't feel too badly if you chose "B." To an extent, both answers are correct. Most people probably train and eat incorrectly! But if I had to pick one answer that was more true than the other, I'd say "A" would be the best choice. If you're not growing, it's probably your diet, not your training, that's holding you back.

With this article I'm throwing down the gauntlet. This is your wake up call if you've ever made any of the following statements:

"I eat a lot of food. In fact, it feels like I'm eating all day! But I just can't get any bigger."

"I can't gain a pound of muscle. My parents are both skinny, so it must be genetic."

"I've always had a fast metabolism. That's why I can stay lean but can't get any bigger."

"I'm scared to go on a bulking diet because I don't want to lose my abs."

"I've tried mass-building diets before and put on a little muscle, but most of the weight I gained was fat."

Sound familiar? Then this article is for you, toothpick legs.


What You're Doing Wrong

Now you may be asking, "If I'm not eating well enough to grow, Mr. Smartypants, what am I doing wrong?" In my opinion, there are three major things that most people do incorrectly when trying to gain muscle mass:

1) They don't understand energy balance (calories in vs. calories out).

2) They don't eat the right foods at the right times (poor meal combinations).

3) They don't learn their physiological responses to nutrients (insulin sensitivity, carb, and fat tolerance).

Below (and in Part II) I'll describe practical ways to fine tune all three. By the end of this series, you should know how much food you need to grow, what combinations of foods you should eat and when you should eat them, and how to figure out your own personal, individualized macronutrient needs.


Energy Balance: You might be surprised!

So what is energy balance? Here's the simple equation:

Energy Balance = Energy Intake - Energy Expenditure

Energy intake is made up of what you eat and drink. Energy expenditure is made up of several factors including resting metabolic rate (RMR), calorie cost of activity, thermic effect of food (TEF), and adaptive thermogenesis (the X factor). The balance of intake and expenditure is an important factor in weight gain or loss. If you have a positive energy balance (intake exceeds expenditure), you gain weight. A negative energy balance (intake is less than expenditure) dictates that you'll lose weight. Simple enough.

Remember, however, that energy balance is only one factor in getting massive (or getting lean for that matter). And although it's the most basic and simplest part of understanding your needs for growth, ironically, most people totally screw it up! So let me be your metabolic guide. Below I'll provide some practical ways to navigate through the harsh jungle of energy balance equations so that you'll emerge ready to tackle the challenge of muscle growth. Pick up your pencils again, class. Better yet, grab a calculator!


Step #1: Resting Metabolic Rate

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the energy it costs the body to basically keep alive. This doesn't include the costs of getting your butt out of bed and moving around; those numbers are calculated in later. Although you might not guess it, about 50 to 70 percent of your entire day's calorie expenditure is a result of the RMR. So, let's figure out your RMR right now.


Determining RMR:

To start off with, you need to take your body weight in pounds and convert it to kilograms. (International readers, please bear with us silly non-metric Americans for a moment.) This is a simple conversion. Just divide your body weight by 2.2.

Next you take your percent of fat and multiply it by your body weight (which is now in kilograms). This will give you your fat mass (FM) in kilograms. Next simply subtract this number from your total weight in kilograms and you'll have your fat free mass (FFM) in kilograms.

Before we go on, why don't we try this out on me. Since I'm an athlete with a body weight of 200lbs at 5% body fat, I'd take my total body mass and divide it by 2.2:

Total body mass in kilograms = 200lbs / 2.2 = 91 kg

Next I'd multiply this kilogram number (91 kg) by my percent of body fat. Remember, percents are really decimals so 5% equals 0.05, 12% bodyfat will be .12 etc.

Fat Mass = 91kg x 0.05 = 4.55kg FM

Next I subtract this fat mass number (4.55 kg) from my total body mass (91kg):

Fat Free Mass = 91kg - 4.55kg = 86.45kg

Therefore my fat free mass is 86.45 kilograms. From that I can determine my RMR. The formula for RMR is as follows:

Resting Metabolic Rate for Athletes (in calories per day) = 500 + 22 x fat free mass (in kilograms).

Again, for me, I'd multiply 22 times my fat free mass and add 500 to that number as shown below:

RMR= 22 x 86.45 + 500 = 2402

Therefore my resting metabolic rate is about 2400 calories per day. Everyone have their RMR figured out? Good, let's move on.


Step #2: Cost of Activity

The Cost of Activity represents how many calories are required to move your butt around during the day. This includes the cost of walking out to your car, scraping the ice off the damn thing, driving to work, pinching the secretary's ass, going to lunch with the boys, and of course, training after work. These factors make up about 20 to 40% of your daily caloric intake based on your activity level. So let's figure out your costs of activity. I'll use myself as an example again.


Determining Activity Costs:

Cost of Daily Activity is equal to the RMR you calculated above multiplied by an activity factor that fits your daily routine. I've listed some common activity factors below:

Activity Factors:

1.2-1.3 for Very Light (bed rest)

1.5-1.6 for Light (office work/watching TV)

1.6-1.7 for Moderate (some activity during day)

1.9-2.1 for Heavy (labor type work)

Note: Don't consider your daily workout when choosing a number. We'll do that later.

With this information we can get back to determining my calorie needs. Since I work at a university, most of my day is pretty sedentary. Even though I run back and forth between the lab and classes, I've selected 1.6 as my activity factor. Therefore the amount of calories it takes to breathe and move around during the day is about 3800 calories as shown below:

RMR x Activity Factor = 2400 calories x 1.6 = 3800 calories


Costs of Exercise Activity:

Next, we need to determine how many calories your exercise activity burns so that we can factor this into the totals. Exercise activity can be calculated simply by multiplying your total body mass in kilograms (as calculated above) by the duration of your exercise (in hours). Then you'd multiply that number by the MET value of exercise as listed below. (MET or metabolic equivalent, is simply a way of expressing the rate of energy expenditure from a given physical activity.)

MET values for common activities:

high impact aerobics? 7
low impact aerobics? 5

high intensity cycling? 12
low intensity cycling? 3

high intensity walking - 6.5
low intensity walking - 2.5

high intensity running? 18
low intensity running? 7

circuit-type training? 8
intense free weight lifting? 6
moderate machine training? 3

So here's the formula:

Cost of Exercise Activity = Body Mass (in kg) x Duration (in hours) x MET value

And here's how I calculate it for myself:

Exercise Expenditure for weights = 6 METS X 91kg x 1.5 hours = 819 calories

Exercise Expenditure for cardio = 3 METS X 91 kg x .5 hours = 137 calories

Add these two together and I burn 956 total calories during one of my training sessions.

Since my training includes about 90 minutes of intense free weight training and 30 minutes of low intensity bicycling (four times per week), my exercise energy expenditure might be as high as 1000 calories per training day!

The next step is to add this exercise number to the number you generated when multiplying your RMR by your activity factor (3800 calories per day in my case).

So 3800 calories + about 1000 calories = a whopping 4800 calories per day! And we're not done yet! (Note: I rounded 956 up to 1000 for the sake of simplicity. If you're a thin guy trying to gain muscle, it's better to round up anyway than to round down.)


Step #3: Thermic Effect of Food

TEF is the amount of calories that it takes your body to digest, absorb, and metabolize your ingested food intake. This makes up about 5 to 15% of your total daily calorie expenditure. Since the metabolic rate is elevated via this mechanism 10 to 15% for one to four hours after a meal, the more meals you eat per day, the faster your metabolic rate will be. This is a good thing, though. It's far better to keep the metabolism high and eat above that level, than to allow the metabolism to slow down by eating infrequently. Protein tends to increase TEF to a rate double that of carbs and almost triple that of fats so that's one of the reasons why I'm a big fan of protein meals.


Determining the Thermic Effect of Food:

To determine the TEF, you need to multiply your original RMR value (2400 in my case) by 0.10 for a moderate protein diet or 0.15 for a high protein diet. So this is what the formula looks like:

TEF = RMR x 0.10 for moderate protein diet (1 gram per pound of bodyweight)

TEF = RMR x 0.15 for high protein diet (more than 1 gram per pound of bodyweight)

Since I eat a very high protein diet (about 350 to 400 grams per day), I use the 0.15 factor and my TEF is about 360 calories per day as displayed by the calculation below:

Thermic Effect of Food = 2400 calories x 0.15 = 360 calories per day

Now add that to your calorie total.


Step #4: Adaptive Thermogenesis

I like to call Adaptive Thermogenesis the "X factor" because we just aren't sure how much it can contribute to daily caloric needs. Some have predicted that it can either increase daily needs by 10% or even decrease daily needs by 10%. Because it's still a mystery, we typically don't factor it into the equation.

Just for interest's sake, one factor included in the "X factor" is unconscious or spontaneous activity. Some people, when overfed, get hyper and increase their spontaneous activity and even have been known to be "fidgety." Others just get sleepy when overfed ? obviously the fidgeters will be burning more calories that the sleepy ones.

Other factors include hormone responses to feeding, training, and drugs, hormone sensitivity (insulin, thyroid, etc), stress (dramatically increases metabolic rate) or temperature induced metabolic changes (cold weather induces increased metabolic activity and heat production).

With all that said, you don't need to do any math on this part or fiddle with your calorie total. This is just something to keep in mind.


Step #5: Putting it all together

Okay, so how many damn calories do you need to consume each and every day? Well, adding up RMR plus activity factor (3800 calories in my case), cost of weight training (819 calories), cost of cardio (137 calories), and TEF (360 calories), we get a grand total of about 5116 calories! (Remember, that's just my total. You'll get a different number.)

Now that's a lot of food! And I must eat this each and every day when I want to gain weight. Are you surprised at how many calories I need? Most people are. So the next time you complain that you're "eating all day and can't gain a pound" you'd better realistically evaluate how much you're really eating. If you're not gaining a pound, then you're falling short on calories.


The Secret is in the Surplus!

So at this point, the keen T-mag readers that aren't afraid of massive eating might ask the question, "Since this is technically just your maintenance level, how can you get bigger by eating this amount? Wouldn't you need more?" The answer is simple. Since I train only four days per week this diet would meet my needs on those four days. But on my three off days per week I'd be in positive calorie balance by about 1,000 calories per day! (That extra thousand calories isn't being used when training, in other words.) This adds up to a surplus of 3,000 calories per week. And this is where the growth happens!

I especially like this "staggered model" because rather than trying to stagger your calorie intake on a daily basis by eating different amounts of food on different days, I let my training cycle my calories for me. This way I can eat the same thing every day while preventing my body from adapting to that habitual level of intake. Just like we vary our training to prevent adaptation, prevention of dietary adaptation is one of the secrets to changing your body composition.

At this point, I want to stop and give you a week to think about your energy needs. Go do the math if you haven't already, figure out how many calories you need, and take some time to compose yourself. After you've realized that you've been grossly under-eating, start thinking about ways to add calories to your diet. In the next installment we'll discuss how to design an eating program that's individualized for your own needs. We'll also get down to the nitty-gritty and talk about what kinds of foods you should and shouldn't be eating. I'll meet you back here next week!

[Adonis]

Massive Eating ? Part II
Meal Combinations and Individual Differences
By John M Berardi




Now that I know how much to eat, what's next?

Eating to get massive is a juggling act between three important concepts. As I stated in Part I, energy balance is only one. In focusing only on energy balance, individuals are ignoring the acute effects of eating on hormones, metabolism, and energy storage. So someone who argues that calorie balance is the only determinant in changing body composition is making the situation too simplistic.

One of the goals of eating to grow should be to maximize the muscle gain to fat gain ratio. Basically you want to pack on the most muscle with the least amount of fat gain. To do this you need to understand which meal combos to pursue and which to avoid. The foundations of my recommendations in this area are based on the avoidance of a nasty scenario. The worst case scenario for someone trying to pack on muscle while minimizing fat gain is to have high blood levels of carbs, fat, and insulin at the same time.

This is nasty because chronic elevation of insulin can increase the rate of transport of fats and carbs into fat cells. Although initially insulin shuttles nutrients into muscle cells, chronic insulin elevation will cause the muscles to become insulin resistant and refuse to take up nutrients. The adipose tissues, however, are greedy little pieces of cellular machinery and continue to take up nutrients at a rapid rate. So if you always have high levels of blood fats and carbs in the presence of insulin (the kind your body makes, not the kind that comes in a syringe), your muscles will slow their uptake of nutrients and all that fat and carbs will feed the fat cells. Can you say Shamu?

Before you make a rash decision and try to eliminate insulin, I've got to let you know that insulin is very anabolic. It's responsible for carb and amino acid delivery to the muscles for recovery and growth. So you need insulin, but you need to control it. And when you eat to promote insulin surges, you've got to be sure that you have the ideal profile of macronutrients in your blood to ensure that this insulin surge leads to muscle gain and not fat gain. This is where meal combinations come into play.

Let's start with some meal combinations to avoid.


Avoid meals containing fats and carbs

Unfortunately, this is the typical meal of the Western diet. As a result, it's no wonder that obesity is an epidemic. Meals with a high carbohydrate content in combination with high-fat meals can actually promote a synergistic insulin release when compared to the two alone. High fat with high-carb meals represent the worst possible case scenario.

Now, some people have argued that fat lowers the glycemic index of foods and should therefore be included in carb meals. But remember, the glycemic index only gives a measure of glucose response to a meal, not insulin response. And sometimes the glucose responses to a meal and the insulin responses to a meal aren't well correlated. So although you might be slowing the rate of glucose absorption into the blood by adding fat to your meals, you'll promote high blood levels of fats, carbs, and insulin. And that's a no-no!


Avoid meals high in carbs alone

Ironically, since the liver converts excess carbohydrates into fats, a very high carbohydrate meal can actually lead to a blood profile that looks like you just ate a high carb and high-fat meal! That's why high-carb diets don't work any better than ones rich in fats and carbs. High carb meals easily promote high blood levels of fats, carbs, and insulin, too.

Okay, so now that we know which meal combinations are evil. Let's be proactive and talk about what meal combinations to concentrate on.


Eat meals containing protein and carbs (with minimal fat)

It's well known in the research world that eating carbs and protein together also creates a synergistic insulin release (much like the fat and carb meals above). But in this scenario, that insulin release is just what we want. By having a few meals per day that cause high blood levels of insulin, carbs, and amino acids (as long you don't have chronic high blood levels of insulin all day long), the body tends to become very anabolic, taking up all those carbs and amino acids into the muscle cells for protein and glycogen synthesis. And since there's no excess fat for the fat cells, fat gain is minimized.

Obviously this combination is beneficial during the post-workout period, but in addition you might want one or two additional insulin spikes per day to promote anabolism during a mass phase. Again, as long as you aren't elevating insulin all day long, you won't become insulin resistant.

At this point some may argue that although this scenario might not promote fat gain, those high insulin levels will prevent fat breakdown (lipolysis). And they're completely correct! But you have to understand that most meals (unless they contain only certain types of protein) will elevate insulin levels to the point that lipolysis is prevented. So you can't escape that unless you eat a ketogenic diet with only specific types of low insulin releasing proteins. But since ketogenic diets don't put on muscle mass and there are all sorts of problems associated with them, I think they should be avoided. Since muscle gain is the goal, two or three meals per day of anabolism are necessary to get bigger and that means protein plus carbs with minimal to no fat.


Eat meals containing protein and fat (with minimal carbs)

Although it's desirable to eat some meals each day that release lots of insulin, upregulate protein synthesis, and fill up carb stores, it's advisable to avoid too many such meals. I discussed the reasons for this above (reduced insulin sensitivity and prevention of fat burning), but also, since we all know that essential fatty acids are so important to health and favorable body composition, eating protein and carb meals all day will prevent the ingestion of healthy fats. And that's no good.

In an attempt to balance out your two or three carb plus protein (minimal fat) meals each day, you should be eating an additional two to three meals consisting of protein and fat with minimal carbs. Taking in 30% of each major class of fatty acids (polyunsaturates, monounsaturates, saturates) is a good mass building tip when thinking about which fats to consume.

Taking a step back, the purpose of protein plus fat meals is to provide energy and amino acids without causing large, lipolysis-preventing insulin spikes. In addition, after fatty meals that contain no carbs, the body oxidizes less carbs (more carbs are stored and retained in the muscle as glycogen) and burns more fat for energy. So basically you'll be burning fat for energy and storing carbs in the muscle after such meals.

I hope that it's clear now that by properly combining meals, you can use the acute effects of food to your advantage. Eat protein plus fat during some meals and you may be burning fat during certain portions of the day. Eat protein plus carbs for some meals and you may be growing during other portions of the day. Although I know some will think this is blasphemy, this type of eating may actually help you get bigger while reducing your body fat during the same training phase.


Real Meals

Don't you hate it when you read a diet article only to find yourself asking, "So what exactly do I eat anyway?" Well, here are some examples of typical meals to consume when following this program:

Protein plus carb meals (minimal fat ? <5g)

2 scoops of protein powder mixed in with 1 serving of oatmeal
1 sliced banana
1 cup of regular or lactose free skim milk

1 serving Grow!

1 can tuna fish
1 cup of regular or lactose free skim milk
2 pieces of whole grain bread
Vegetables

8 egg whites
1 scoop of protein in 1 serving of oatmeal
1 slice of whole grain bread
1 piece of fat free cheese
Vegetables

2 cups of regular or lactose free skim milk
1 scoop protein
2 pieces of fruit

Here's a list of good carbs and protein for the protein plus carbohydrate meals:

Carbs: apples, oranges, oatmeal, all bran cereals, vegetables, mueslix, white pasta, flax bread, yams

Protein: chicken, whey, casein, turkey, egg whites, skim milk, tuna, cottage cheese

Protein plus fat meals (minimal carbs? <10g)

1 can salmon
1 scoop protein powder in water
Vegetables
1 tablespoon of concentrated fish oils

8-12 oz lean beef
Fat free cheese
1 tablespoon of olive oil
Vegetables

1 can tuna fish
1 scoop protein powder
Vegetables
1 tablespoon of concentrated fish oils

2 scoops protein powder in water
1 tablespoon flax oil

Here's a list of good fats and proteins for the protein plus fat meals:

Fats: Concentrated fish oils (PUFA-omega 3), flaxseed oil (PUFA-omega 3 and 6), olive oil (MUFA), canola oil (MUFA and PUFA), fat from nuts (MUFA and PUFA), fat from beef and eggs, animal fat (SFA)

Proteins: beef, salmon, whey, casein, turkey, whole eggs, pork


Individual Differences ? Are You Sensitive?

In the last section I recommended splitting six daily meals up into about three protein and carb meals and about three protein and fat meals. This plan works well for most people in terms of maximizing muscle gain while minimizing fat gain when overfeeding. However, just like different training programs are necessary for different individuals, individual responses to nutrition are varied. So rather than telling you that there's one program for all, I hope to give you some tips so that you can determine which eating plan is best for you.

The factors governing your response to different nutritional intakes are pretty diverse, but one major factor I've been focusing on lately is insulin and glucose tolerance. In my mind, insulin sensitivity seems to be the most important factor dictating how the body will handle carbs. For those who have high insulin sensitivity, the body responds to carb intake with small insulin surges. Although the insulin surges are small, the cells are very responsive to that little amount of insulin and do a great job of becoming anabolic. Since lots of insulin can inhibit fat loss, the ideal scenario is to become very insulin sensitive so that only small amounts of insulin are required for anabolism and so that those small amounts of insulin don't prevent fat loss.

In my experience, individuals who have high insulin sensitivity maximize their muscle to fat ratio on diets that are high in carbs and lower in fat (50% carbs, 35% protein, 15% fat). Those with moderate insulin sensitivity tend to do best on diets that are more isocaloric (30% carbs, 40% protein, 30% fat). And those with poor insulin sensitivity do best on diets that are low in carbs (50% protein, 35% fat, 15% carbs).

So within the framework of this article, if you're highly insulin sensitive, more than three of your daily meals would be carb plus protein meals. If your insulin sensitivity isn't so great, more than three of your meals will be protein plus fat.


Insulin Sensitivity ? I Want Your Blood

So the next question is how do you know if you're sensitive or not? Did you cry at the end of Titanic when Leonardo DiCaprio's character sank like a blue Freezer Pop into the North Atlantic? Well, there you go; you're sensitive. Me? I cried like a baby. Okay, okay, actually there are several methods.

The easiest thing to do is just think about what types of diets you respond to best. If low carb diets work great for you, then you're probably insulin insensitive. If you can eat a lot of carbs and not get fat then you're probably insulin sensitive. If you'd like something more concrete than that, read on.

Some experts use very simplistic recommendations for testing insulin sensitivity, methods I disagree with. For example, I've heard the statement that if you have an apple-shaped physique or if you get sleepy after a carb meal then you're insulin resistant (insensitive). In my opinion, these are way too non-specific and tell you very little about your nutrient needs or if you're making progress.

Instead, I prefer methods that, although more time consuming, are objective. The first is an oral glucose tolerance test. For this you need to go to your local pharmacy and purchase a glucometer, some glucose test strips, and a standard glucose beverage (ask your pharmacist about this because it has to be a specific kind. Pepsi won't work). Once you've got the goods, you'll plan your test.

After going at least 24 hours without exercise (do this test after a day off from training), you'll wake up in the morning (fasted at least 12 hours) and you'll take a blood sample from your finger tip. Write down this number. Then drink your glucose beverage and continue to take blood samples at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Record all the numbers at each time point.

The second test that I like to recommend for assessing insulin sensitivity is a fasted glucose and insulin test. For this you need to see your doctor. This test is simply a blood draw in the fasted state. It's easy to do. Just schedule an appointment, the nurse will do a single blood draw, and then the lab will measure the levels of insulin and glucose in your blood at this time. Using one of the following equations, you'll have both an insulin sensitivity score and a pancreatic responsiveness score:

Insulin Sensitivity =

Fasted Insulin (mU/L) / 22.5 x E to the X e-ln(Fasted Glucose (mmol/L))

or

Fasted Insulin (pmol/L) x (Fasted Glucose (mmol/L) / 135)

Pancreatic Beta Cell Function =

(20 x Fasted Insulin (mU/L)) / (Fasted Glucose (mmol/L)-3.5)

or

(3.33 x Fasted Insulin (pmol/L) / (Fasted Glucose (mmol/L)-3.5)

If you're not a math whiz or don't own a calculator, have your doctor do the math for you. Remember, you have to go to his office to get the test done in the first place. Once you have these values, compare your numbers to the following to see how sensitive you are:

Insulin Sensitivity

Lower score = more sensitive
Normal insulin sensitivity: score should be below 2
Excellent insulin sensitivity: score will be around 0.5

Pancreatic Beta Cell Function

Higher = better pancreatic function and insulin release
Normal pancreatic function: score should be about 100
Excellent pancreatic function: score will be above 200

Once you've collected these measures, you'll have a better indication of what type of diet you need to consume. I recommend doing these tests at least once every few months to see how your diet and training is impacting your insulin sensitivity.


Let's Get Sensitive!

So let's assume that you've done the tests mentioned above and you weren't happy with the results. You're insulin insensitive and, dammit, you don't like it! Well, instead of resigning yourself to a flabby midsection for the remainder of your days there are some things you can do to increase insulin sensitivity.

Both aerobic and resistance training greatly increase insulin sensitivity through a variety of mechanisms. So include both in your program. I've seen tremendous increases in insulin sensitivity with three to four intense weight training sessions per week lasting 1 to 1.5 hours per session. These sessions should be coupled with at least three or four aerobic sessions lasting 30 minutes per session. To really target insulin sensitivity, you'd want to perform weight training and cardio separately.

In addition, supplements like omega 3 fatty acids, fish oils, alpha-lipoic acid, and chromium can increase insulin sensitivity. I typically recommend starting out with 600 mg of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and concentrated fish oils containing a total of six to ten grams of DHA and EPA (the most active omega 3 fats in fish oils).

On the flip side, stimulants like ephedrine and caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity due to their effects on metabolism. Furthermore, the low carb, high-fat diets that have become popular can also lead to decreased insulin sensitivity. That's why my trainees don't take stimulants or go on no-carb diets (unless they're dieting down for a show and then they'll do occasional no-carb diets every few months for a maximum of three weeks at a time).

So if your insulin sensitivity isn't ideal the first time you measure it, try the approaches I listed above. Then go back after a month or two and re-test. You'll see that the numbers look much better.


Individual Differences ? Experimentation

Even though the last section will help you better define where you stand with the insulin issue, probably the most productive way of determining which eating program is best for you is to experiment on yourself. So for eight weeks, I encourage you to follow a 50% carb, 25% protein, and 15% fat diet that exceeds your energy needs (as determined in Part I of this article). During this time, record your gains in terms of muscle mass and fat mass. This will give you a muscle:fat ratio.

Then go back to your normal eating for eight weeks. After those eight weeks, try a new diet of 30% carbs, 40% protein, and 30% fat for eight more weeks. Again record the muscle:fat ratio.

After these 24 weeks you should know which type of diet is more effective for your body type. I know it seems like quite a bit of time to devote to figuring out your eating needs, but assuming that you've been training for years or plan to be training for years to come, 24 weeks is only a small period of time. In addition, the results of your efforts will be applicable for the rest of your life.

Remember, however, that when constructing your eating plan you must realize that just because you're following a diet with 50% carbs, 25% protein, and 15% fat or a diet 30% carbs, 40% protein, and 30% fat, that doesn't mean that each meal is made up of these proportions. In fact, the meals should not all be of these proportions because this will mean undesirable blood levels of fat, carbs, and insulin. So using the techniques I taught you during the meal combination section, design a plan that has different proportions of macronutrients during different meal times but that achieves the optimal proportions of (40-30-30 or 50-25-15) by the end of the day.


Summary

Here's a quick and dirty summary of the Massive Eating plan:

1) Read Part I and determine your daily caloric needs.

2) Eat meals consisting of fat and protein together with very little carbs. Also eat protein and carbs together, but with very little fat in those meals. Don't eat carbs by themselves and don't eat carbs with fat.

3) Determine your macronutrient ratios based on your level of insulin sensitivity. You can do this with the tests I explained or you can just try different diets consisting of different rations of protein, carbs and fat. If you're insulin insensitive you can do something about it by following my suggestions above.

Remember, if you aren't putting on muscle while following a good weight training program, then it's probably your diet that's to blame. With Massive Eating, your problem is solved, so no more excuses! If you ever find yourself making statements about your genetic limitations or your unreasonably fast metabolism, revisit these articles for a wake up call. "Limitations" can become challenges to work through or just weak excuses that keep you down.

Now, shouldn't you go get something to eat?

[Adonis]

Original series available here:
T-Nation part 1
T-Nation part 2

-Adonis

[CoastieAd]

Nice article thanks, only thing I'm worried about is how I am going to take in at least 4000 calories a day. Plus I want to put on some rapid mass so I'd like to shoot for 5000 a day. I've done the math and it will be tough even with 2 weight shakes and a few protein bars daily.

[Killa_Z]

yep, im on for 5000cals per day aswel, im taking 1.5servings of n-large daily wich gives me 900cals but it will still be tough, but then again if its easy..........whats the point

[Manfred_Man]

originally posted by pliny_2001

Nutrition for Muscle Builders
by Susan M. Kleiner, PhD, RD

Athletes used to think that if you wanted to bulk up your muscles, you just ate a lot of calories. Bodybuilders were notorious for eating several pounds of meat and up to a dozen raw egg yolks daily. Today we know not only that high-fat, high-protein diets are unhealthy, but that they don't promote lean tissue growth. The diet that will give you the greatest increase in lean body mass without causing a lot of fat gain is still high in calories--but the recommendations about where these calories should come from have changed a lot.

Muscle-Building Basics
Building muscle requires tremendous energy, both to do the muscle-building exercise and to build the tissue itself. One study (Gail Butterfield, PhD, personal communication, January 1997) showed that each day strength-trained athletes needed about 20 calories per pound of body weight (44 calories [kcal] per kilogram [kg]) just to maintain their muscle mass--about 2,800 calories per day for a 140-pound person, 4,000 for a 200-pound person (table 1). Apparently even more--25 to 30 calories per pound of body weight (54 to 66 kcal/kg) per day--is required to build muscle (1,2).

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Table 1. Daily Calorie, Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Intake for Strength Training: Sample Recommendations

Body Weight (lbs) - Calories per Day - Calories From Carbohydrate - Calories From Protein - Calories From Fat

140 lbs - 2,800 - 2,000 - 360-460 - 340-440
200 lbs - 4,000 - 2,800 - 510-660 - 540-690
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Carbohydrate. Getting enough calories is important, but so is getting the right kind of calories. Carbohydrate, stored in the body as glycogen, is the predominant energy source for muscle-building exercise. The harder and longer you work out, the more glycogen your muscles require. Once your muscles are depleted of glycogen, you have no more energy to continue your workout.

There are different ways to figure out your carbohydrate needs, but the bottom line is that with at least 500 to 600 grams of carbohydrate per day, your muscles will stay packed with glycogen. One method is to base your intake on 3.6 grams per pound of body weight (8 g/kg). At 4 calories per gram of carbohydrate, this means about 504 grams per day or about 2,000 carbohydrate calories for a 140-pound person, and 720 grams or 2,900 carbohydrate calories for a 200-pound person.

A second strategy for computing your carbohydrate needs is based on a percentage of total calories. When total energy intake is below 4,000 calories a day, getting 70% of those calories from carbohydrates will ensure the muscle power and endurance required to strength train. With a diet above 4,000 total calories a day, a lower percentage of calories can be obtained from carbohydrates, as long as you take in at least 500 to 600 grams of carbohydrate.

Protein. At this point you might be wondering, "What about protein?" Protein is the basic building material for muscle tissue, and strength trainers need to consume more than the rest of us. In the same study that looked at energy needs, researchers found that during weight lifting, those who ate enough calories required about 0.6 grams of protein per pound of body weight (1.2 to 1.3 g/kg) daily to maintain muscle mass. If the intensity of the exercise was increased to build muscle, the daily requirement went up to almost 0.7 grams per pound (1.5 g/kg).

Based on a wide review of scientific data (3), current daily protein recommendations for serious strength trainers are about 0.6 to 0.8 grams per pound (1.4 to 1.8 g/kg). This equals 90 to 115 grams of protein per day for the 140-pound strength trainer and, 128 to 164 grams for the 200-pounder.

Fat. Once you've determined your carbohydrate and protein needs, all the leftover calories--less than 30% of total calories--can come from fat. To keep your heart healthy, make sure that most of your fat calories are from unsaturated fats.


Water Needs
Next on the list of important nutrients is water. Good hydration is just as essential for strength training as it is for endurance training. Your body requires at least eight 8-ounce cups of caffeine-free, nonalcoholic fluids every day. You need to drink even more to replace fluids that are lost during exercise.

Make sure you go into your workouts well hydrated by drinking 2 cups of fluid 2 hours before exercise. During exercise, drink 4 to 8 ounces every 15 to 20 minutes. After exercise, replace any further fluid losses with 16 ounces of fluids.

Another approach is to weigh yourself before and after exercise: Any weight lost is fluid. Replace every pound lost with at least 16 ounces of fluid.


Supplement Sense
Most supplements that are supposed to help build muscle don't work. But some, such as creatine, fluid and electrolyte replacers, carbohydrate supplements, and liquid meal replacers may offer some benefits to strength training athletes.

Creatine. In the past several years, creatine has gained attention among athletes because it has the potential, when combined with a good diet and strength training program, to produce slightly more power during workouts. In addition, loading creatine into the muscles may help speed up muscle gain.

Meat is the best dietary source of creatine, and vegetarians generally have lower muscle creatine concentrations than meat-eaters. People at the lower end of the normal range for muscle creatine are the most likely to benefit from supplementation.

The usual dosage for creatine loading is 5 grams of creatine monohydrate four times per day for 5 days. A maintenance dose of 2 grams per day can follow. Taking more than the usual dosage of creatine offers no added benefit. Also, users should be aware that creatine and other popular supplements are subject to little government regulation, so there is no guarantee that they are pure.

Sports drinks. Fluid and electrolyte replacers are beneficial if exercise lasts longer than 1 hour. Carbohydrate supplements can be useful to help fit adequate carbohydrates into a busy day. Additionally, one study (4) indicated that by taking creatine with 17 ounces of liquid carbohydrate supplement, muscle creatine concentrations can be boosted by up to 60%.

Consuming a meal-replacement beverage just after muscle-building exercise may be a convenient way to help stimulate muscle growth. Protein and carbohydrates trigger the release of insulin and growth hormone, which are integrally involved in muscle growth. Meal replacement beverages are also great for adding well-balanced calories when you just don't have the time to eat a meal.


Don't Forget Sweat
Even though supplement purveyors promise easy results, gaining muscle takes determination, a good diet, and lots of sweat. Stick to it, and you'll be pleased with your results.

References
Manore MM, Thompson J, Russo M: Diet and exercise strategies of a world-class bodybuilder. Int J Sport Nutr 1993;3(1):76-86
Kleiner SM, Calabrese LH, Fiedler KM, et al: Dietary influences on cardiovascular disease risk in anabolic steroid-using and nonusing bodybuilders. J Am Coll Nutr 1989;8(2):109-119
Lemon PW: Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids? Int J Sport Nutr 1995;5(suppl):S39-S61
Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, et al: Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996;271(5 pt 1):E821-E826
Remember, you, your physician, and your nutritionist need to work together to discuss nutrition concerns. The above information is not intended as a substitute for appropriate medical treatment.

Dr Kleiner is a private nutrition consultant to athletes in the Seattle area. She is a member of the American College of Sports Medicine; a member of the American Dietetic Association and its practice group, Sports and Cardiovascular Nutritionists (SCAN); and a fellow of the American College of Nutrition.

[Adonis]

A Defense of Massive Eating
by Joel Marion


Many of you are familiar with John Berardi's Massive Eating dietary regimen.

In short, it promotes the idea that carbohydrates and fats (in most cases) shouldn't be mixed in significant amounts in the same meal. Lately, I've seen lots of angry people discounting the approach. Their argument is based on one fact:

"Fat doesn't need insulin to be stored — it can store itself."

Well, that's a fair argument, but it doesn't negate the principles espoused by the Massive Eating plan.


Massive Eating and Fat Storage

First off, let me just say that the "fat can store itself" argument only addresses one particular aspect of combining nutrients. If limiting acute fat storage were the only reason to avoid meals containing large amounts of both carbohydrates and fats, then I might not be such a big proponent of the theory.

And I don't think John Beraridi's advocacy of ME is based on that premise alone either; however, this seems to be the facet that people harp on and end up coming to the conclusion that "it doesn't matter" or that "it's stupid" or that "it makes no sense" or that "it's pointless" to avoid the combination of fats and carbohydrates.

Let's back track and cover acute fat storage for a minute. Yes, due to the phospholipid bilayer of adipocytes, fat can store itself without insulin. Similarly, many other nutrients (creatine, amino acids, etc.) can be stored without insulin because of various non-insulin dependant storage pathways.

Still, in almost every situation, if you add insulin, you'll increase acute nutrient storage (this is a good thing when speaking of nutrients such as creatine and amino acids, but a bad thing when talking about fat); fatty acids are no exception.



Molscript representation of insulin molecule

Short chain and medium chain fatty acids can readily diffuse across the cell membrane; however, long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) rely on facilitated diffusion or "active transport" in order to cross. The fatty acid transfer proteins FAT/CD36 and FATP1 (responsible for the transport of LCFAs across the cell membrane) are mainly located inside the cell, but in the presence of insulin they're "translocated" to the cell membrane.

This insulin induced translocation has been shown to increase the uptake of LCFAs in the adipocyte (1).

You may counter the above with the fact that ketogenic diets — diets in which insulin is low all the time — show no benefit (from a fat loss perspective) over lower fat, higher carb diets with matching protein intakes. So why then would a diet that limits insulin only part of the time be more beneficial?

If the above held water, then limiting insulin all the time (instead of just part of the time) should lead to greater fat loss. And to that I would bring mention of the hormone leptin — a hormone in which circulating levels are highly associated with that of insulin.

Leptin is a regulatory hormone that communicates with the hypothalamus, and basically gives the body the "yea" or "nay" to utilize adipose tissue for energy. Under normal conditions, leptin is abundant and binds freely to its associated receptors.

The receptors then send a message to the brain to assure it that things are in good shape. Now, when dieting (especially with diets in which insulin levels are chronically low), leptin levels are low and consequently there isn't as much binding occurring; the receptors recognize this and inform the brain as to what's going on.

From there, the brain begins to send out various regulatory signals to the rest of the body, causing a decrease in thyroid output and metabolic rate and an increase in the catabolic hormone cortisol, along with appetite.

So, having low levels of circulating insulin day-in and day-out can actually be detrimental to fat loss, which is the reason why I believe ketogenic diets do not show additional benefit to their higher-carb counterparts. Does that mean that keto diets don't work? No, it just means that there may be a better way to approach things.

Going back to ME, yes we limit insulin at certain times of the day, which can be beneficial to fat loss, but at the same time we're consuming carbohydrates on a daily basis (again at specific, strategic times of the day, and I'll talk about that next), which may help to stabilize leptin levels in the long term.

With ME, the longest you'll go without giving substantial rise to insulin is 12-16 hours, while with a keto diet you may go days, weeks, or even months with low levels of insulin; a scenario which will undoubtedly have an impact on leptin and, ultimately, fat loss.


Massive Eating and Nutrient Timing

As alluded to earlier, we need to consider optimal nutrient timing around activity and normal metabolic patterns, which will play into several other factors. For instance, after a workout, muscle tissue is longing to suck up nutrients and it's the only time of the day where maximizing insulin is both okay and desirable. This is probably the major reason I advocate the ME approach.

So, during your workout and the few hours following, P+C meals are the way to go. Including fat in these meals would simply slow gastric emptying (and consequently the rate at which nutrients are delivered to muscle tissue), which at this particular time is undesirable.

By consuming all your carbohydrates during your workout and within the few hours following, you're forced to consume other nutrients at other times of the day. This is when you make the switch to P+F meals, which again only makes sense.

As metabolism slows in the evening, insulin is being controlled via P+F meals. Also, at other times of the day when you don't necessarily "need" insulin, it's being limited.

This means you're still able to consume a large amount of carbohydrates daily, but at the same time you're limiting insulin during a good portion of the day, resulting in more time spent in a lipolytic state at the end of said day.

In the long term, this leads to greater insulin sensitivity and lipolysis without compromising results. You're still eating plenty of carbohydrates to promote growth and/or maintenance of LBM, but you only consume them when your body is primed for an insulin rush. When it isn't, you're managing insulin with P+F meals.

Also, on a related note, splitting a day's worth of carbohydrates over 3 meals instead of 6 will cause higher peaks and lower valleys in both insulin and blood sugar throughout the course of the day. In the 6-meal example, both insulin and blood sugar remain rather stable, never peaking very high, and never dropping very low.



The key to carbohydrate consumption is timing.

Generally, one would consider stabilizing insulin and blood sugar the more optimal approach; however, a closer look may unveil that a large amount of the success many experience with ME may be a result of these "spikes" and "dips."

How so? Well, a high spike in insulin is very advantageous when it comes to metabolic upregulation in the brain, and theoretically, it should offer the benefit of strongly stimulating neurological signals (and consequently hormonal changes) that are dependent on a relatively high physiological concentration of insulin.

With the 6-meal approach, insulin probably never peaks to the degree necessary to optimally stimulate the metabolism. But won't large insulin spikes simply cause more fat to be stored, canceling out any metabolic benefits? Being that the "spikes" are limited to times of the day when partitioning is optimized (around workouts and/or in the morning), I don't see this being an issue.

Similarly, the "dip" associated with ME has its own set of benefits. We all know that insulin hampers lipolysis due to its inhibitory effect on enzymes responsible for fat mobilization. With ME, the period of time between carbohydrate feedings is lengthened, leading to a greater amount of time spent outside of the influence of insulin.

This lipolytic state is further enhanced by what was mentioned previously — the fact that we're optimally stimulating the metabolism with periodic insulin spikes. A higher metabolic rate while in a lipolytic state will ultimately lead to more fat being burned while in that state.

The above "spike/dip" phenomenon is probably the major reason/explanation for the fact that almost everyone who switches over to ME notices an immediate increase in their maintenance calorie intake.

So, acute fat storage aside, there are at least 5 other reasons to combine nutrients in this fashion:

• Optimal nutrient timing around activity

• Optimal nutrient timing around normal metabolic patterns

• Improvements in long term insulin sensitivity

• The ability to consume plenty of carbohydrates while still managing insulin

• Metabolic and lipolytic benefits of the "spike/dip" phenomenon

Lastly, when attempting to prove or disprove the efficacy of a given method, real world results must be considered. Science can only prove and disprove so much, and sometimes what happens in the real world can't be explained by science.

I've attempted above to give some scientific credibility to the idea of not combining carbohydrates and fats in significant amounts, but I'm sure someone can respond to every single point I made with a counter argument and numerous peer reviewed journal abstracts, to boot.

This topic can be theoretically debated forever without a victor ever emerging. But what can't be debated are the positive results that many have experienced by utilizing the ME approach. Tell me it "doesn't matter" all you want, but I've noticed the beneficial effects first hand in both my own life and in the lives of my clients.

What exactly have I noticed? My maintenance caloric intake went up by 600 calories immediately upon implementing ME; you can't argue that.

I can now eat more calories while bulking without gaining additional fat. I can eat more calories while cutting and achieve a greater rate of fat loss than I did when consuming fewer calories (which I attribute to increased leptin levels from the increased caloric intake); this has also lead to greater satiation and LBM retention while dieting.

Ask any of my clients and they'll tell you the same. Every single nutrition program that I design is based on the ME food combining method, and I have yet to have a client complain about the results they've obtained from working with me.

And obviously John is doing something right; the results he achieves with his clients speak for themselves. You know the saying, a man with an experience is not subject to a man with a theory. Science is great, but in the end, results are the proof in the pudding, and results are exactly what ME delivers.


Use; Don't Abuse

Having said all that, I want to briefly touch on what I consider a potential problem with ME. Some will treat the food combining method as some sort of nutritional dogma to keep them lean forever. Because of this, if a meal doesn't contain carbs — regardless of its nutritional content — people think it's fair game.

I've seen a guy down 20 buffalo wings and a 16 oz. steak while dieting and think nothing of it because, "Hey, the meal didn't contain carbs...I can't get fat!" WRONG.

ME is not a magical method of combining nutrients that will allow you to totally disregard calorie balance and not pay the price with your physique. Yes, it'll allow you to eat slightly more calories than you did previously, but let's not fool ourselves — a 1/2-lb of ground beef molded into a delectable patty topped with 4 different kinds of cheese and bacon right before you go to bed isn't a smart food choice simply because it's a P+F meal.

Calorie balance still plays a critical role, even when avoiding the combination of fats and carbs.


References

1. Stahl A, Evans JG, Pattel S, et al. Develop Cell. 2002;2:477-488.


© 1998 — 2005 Testosterone, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

[rubyanne]

really great infomation here thanks..but really depressing too...i dont eat anywhere near enough, eat the wrong combinations at the wrong times !!! oh well a complete change for me..i will be rereading very carefully

[ilpadrone]

Great stuff !